Weirs are one of the most important hydraulic structures for flow control, water measurement, and regulating of upstream water elevation in canals, irrigation networks, and rivers. For a given channel width, inclined weirs have a longer effective length in comparison with the usual rectangular sharp-crested weirs, and this could be effective on their discharge coefficients and efficiency. In the present study, the effect of the geometrical parameters on the hydraulic properties of the flow in inclined weirs was investigated using 3D Ansys Fluent software. Numerical simulations were validated by laboratory results. Weir height (P), weir angle with channel wall (α), water height above the weir (H), and effective length (Le) were investigated. The MR-linear regression model performance in applying the inclined weir discharge coefficient was investigated. The results indicated that this relation is very similar to the numerical model results. The numerical model results were also compared with those of the other researchers. Inclined weirs discharge coefficient at different effective lengths decreases by increasing H/P, and at a constant H/P, by increasing the weir effective length, the discharge coefficient decreases, and the flow rate increases. Increasing in weir height results increasing in discharge.

Rainfed cultivation is one of the best ways to rich the sustainable development with optimal use of green water. About 75 percent of the world's cultivated areas are rainfed, which forms important part of the international economy. For a long time rainfed cultivation has been a common method in low-rainfall areas of Iran and mentioned method is one of the main ways of producing crops yet. Rainfall is an important factor in rainfed agriculture, so its limitations and non-conformity with planting season can reduce the production efficiency. Wheat growing period consists of three seasons of the year. Rainfall in spring, fall and winter is effective on wheat growth. Cereal grains, especially wheat, are the most important food source in the world. After cereals, legumes are considered to be the main human food source and have significant nutritional and agricultural importance. In addition to being high in quality and valuable, suitable and complementary protein for cereals in the nutritional pattern, lentils are also among the legumes that stabilize the air nitrogen in the soil, which lends itself to crop rotation. Thus, intermittent cultivation of rainfed wheat with rainfed lentil is an important factor in stabilizing production in the developing countries. Given that Iran is in arid and semi-arid regions and its population is growing, it is important to plan, and evaluate the past in order to predict the future. Zanjan province is the fifth country with 6. 9% of total grains production. In this study, the effect of precipitation in water requirement of these two important products and their water stress has been studied in the climatic conditions of Zanjan plain. Zanjan province is located at the longitude of 47º 10' to 50 º 5' East and the latitude of 35º 25'37º 10' North. The area of Zanjan province is about 39369 square kilometers. According to the De Marten climate classification, the tropical, temperate and subtropical climatic zones can be identified at the applied level. Average rainfall over the past decade has been reported as 301 mm. For conducting this study, statistical data including meteorological and crop yield data 2004-2014 obtained from the Meteorological and Agriculture-Jahad Organization, respectively. Zanjan synoptic station with the latitude and longitude of 48º 31' East and 36º 39' North, respectively, is located 1663 meters above the sea level. In the last 50 year, the annual precipitation trend has been decreasing and this trend is affecting the water availability of rainfed plants in the region and can decrease yield of crops. Although in the long term the average temperature trend is slightly constant, the yield has also declined with decreasing rainfall. Regarding the importance of wheat and lentil in arid lands of Zanjan plain, these two main rainfed crops were investigated in this study by determining the regression relationship between yield and evapotranspiration with precipitation and water stress coefficient. The results showed that the average evapotranspiration values of wheat and lentil for Zanjan plain during the study period were 398 and 262 mm and the mean temporal stress coefficients were 36 and 33%, respectively. Regression analysis showed the highest correlation between actual evapotranspiration and yield. The highest correlation was observed between temporal stress coefficient and yield of rainfed wheat. But, in lentils this trend was different and the correlation between water stress coefficient (Ks) and yield was more than the precipitation and lentil yield. For 25% decrease in precipitation, wheat yield reduced almost 18%. Generalizing this issue, the response to water stress coefficient of the product or Ky become 1. 14. The regression equation also indicated that in case of being precipitation about 300 mm, wheat yield in the area will be near one tone. For 25% decrease in precipitation, wheat yield reduced about 22%. According to figures, the fitted model was significant and well-acted; and during the growth period of these crops, lack of water supply caused water stress as well as severe yield loss. The occurrence of high tension time percentage of 25% for wheat and 20% for lentil in all years of the study period confirms that the climatic potential of the region does not reach the standard requirements of plants, so it is not possible to achieve optimal performance. Hence, new methods of tillage, conservation agriculture and supplemental irrigation are recommended for achieving high yield, as well as the expected cultivation method for crops.

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most efficient techniques among severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods that enhance the mechanical properties of polycrystalline metals by refining subjected grains. In this article, equal channel multi angular pressing (ECMAP) process as one of the effective ECAP methods on production of ultra-fine grained (UFG) Al5754 strips is studied.Route C is considered as a multi pressing route and grey relational analysis is used as the optimization method. geometrical parameters were taken as input variables and strain inhomogeneity index, equivalent plastic strain and required process load were taken as the objectives. The suggested tests by full factorial method were simulated by FEM. Finite element simulations were done by ABAQUS commercial software and obtained results were validated by analytical methods and experimental tests.Then considering all input and output parameters, optimization was done and optimum values of input parameters were elicited. Also, the effectiveness of each parameter on the objective parameters was obtained. It is concluded that, among geometrical parameters of route C, die channel angle (f_2) and die corner angle ( y_1) have the maximum and minimum effectiveness respectively..

Micro-cantilever arrays with different dimensions are fabricated by micromachining technique onto silicon<1 0 0> substrate. These sputtered gold-coated micro-cantilevers were later surface-functionalized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical diffraction with laser source are employed to characterize the morphology and image measurement of the micro-cantilever arrays, respectively. The spatial resolution produced in the proposed image measurement method is approaching 1mm, and the repeatable precision is confirmable in nanometers. Compared with conventional AFM and SEM measurement techniques, the proposed method has demonstrated sufficient flexibility, repeatability, and reliability. The experimental results have been analyzed and presented in this paper for MEMS micro-cantilevers. The scanning white light interferometry based, two-point high-resolution optical method is presented for characterizing micro-cantilevers and other MEMS microstructures. In this piece of work, we investigate the microstructure fabrication and image measurement of geometrical parameters such as length, width, and step height of micro-cantilevers fabricated using bulk micromachining technique onto silicon<100>substrate.

In the present study, the effects of process and geometrical parameters on the maximum temperature of tool have been investigated. Simulation of mild steel machining process in different cutting depths, speed of rotation (SOR), feeding rates, and different rake angles was performed. To verify the simulation, numerical results were compared with experimental results. Based on the results, it was found that by increasing the speed of rotation at a constant cutting depth and a constant feed rate, the maximum temperature of the process experiences a significant increase. By increasing the depth of the cut, the geometric location of the workpiece maximum temperature was transmitted to the edge of the tool and surface changes occurred, which it was accompanied with increment in the depth of the cut. The tool with the rake angle of-10° and the depth of cutting of 2 mm had the highest recorded temperature due to the lack of sufficient space for removing chips from the work surface.

In this paper, energy separation effects in a vortex tube have been investigated using a CFD model. A numerical simulation has been undertaken, due to the complex structure of flow. The governing equations have been solved by the FLUENTTM code in a 2D compressible and turbulent model. Three turbulent models, namely, RSM, Standard k-epsilon and Spalart-Allmaras, have been used. The Spalart-Allmaras turbulent model, which is the first equation, was not so bad in predicting temperature results, although the Standard k-epsilon model better predicts the results in most regions. The effects of geometrical parameters have been investigated. The results have shown that the hot outlet size and its shape do not affect the energy distribution in the vortex tube, and a very small diameter will decrease the temperature separation. Different kinds of gas have been examined for the vortex tube, and it was concluded that using helium as a refrigerant produces the largest energy separation.

Due to their light weights and high load carrying capacities, composite structures are widely used in various industrial applications especially in aerospace industry. Stiffening ribs are the main features of lattice type composite structures. Strength to weight ratio is known to be as one of the most critical design parameter in these structures. In this study, the effect of some parameters such as the physical characteristics of the material, shell thickness, angle, thickness and number of ribs on distribution of stresses and buckling loads of shell are investigated. For this purpose, 3D finite element analysis using ANSYS software explicitly was done and then compared with experimental test results. Increasing the thickness of the outer shell causes the structural strength will rise to 50 percent. The next effective parameter is reduction of rib angle which provides an increase of 30 percent in specific load. Although Stiffenerrs (ribs) have a major role in load carrying, but increasing the rib number causes the structural weight rises, thus compared with the two previous parameters do not have a significant effect on the strength of structures.

Transportation sector accounts for the largest part in consumption of gasoline and gas oil. Increase in fuel consumption along with decrease in energy efficiency as well as energy conversion with high waste has caused irreparable damages to environment and economical- social development. In addition, raising the price of all types of fuels and rationing these products, has made it necessary to pay attention to this section. In this paper, traffic flow of Garmsar-Semnan road in Iran as a case study will be analysed using simulation by CORSIM software. Then, by changing geometrical parameterss in the road, the changes in fuel consumption will be examined. geometrical and traffic information related to the road under study has been obtained through measurement in the path and field perception. Furthermore, to validate the results of the fuel consumption of used software, a field survey was conducted which indicates slight difference between the actual values and the results of the software. The results of the changes in geometrical factors show that simultaneous change in slope and elimination of curves in this road will have the greatest impact in reducing fuel consumption of the vehicles and consequently reducing the environmental pollution.